Cold Laser Therapy claims is to be critically evaluated Essay

Cold Laser Therapy claims is to be basically assessed - Essay Example To endorse some other case or even comparative case for a specific gadget, the FDA requires sufficient clinical information. Hawaii-based Quantum-Healing - Lasers.com, which sells numerous cool laser items on the web, asserts that low-level laser treatment is powerful for relief from discomfort, hostile to maturing, weight reduction, smoking discontinuance, healthy skin, and treatment of broken bones and shot injuries (Quantum-Heating-Lasers.com). This paper means to assess a portion of the cases made by the association. Quantum-Healing-Lasers.com says that smoking suspension concentrates in Canada and Europe have an indicated achievement pace of 85%. As indicated by the site, a high-frequency, low-vitality light, when applied to explicit focuses in the body, squares nicotine-receptors and mimics the arrival of endorphins. Nicotine is the addictive-factor in cigarette smoking. Nicotine gives smokers a high by discharging state of mind improving synthetics called endorphins. The arrival of endorphins during laser treatment purportedly forestalls any withdrawal side effects that may happen due to smoking suspension. By abridging the withdrawal indications, a long-term smoker isn't enticed to smoke once more. The site guarantees that the technique is effortless, simple, and takes just 30 minutes. The American Cancer Society (ACS) asserts that the as of now accessible logical proof doesn't bolster cases of cold laser treatment as a smoking end help. Another claim made by ACS is that some TV channels revealed the cool laser treatment suppliers notices promising smoking suspension with laser treatment as news, making the treatment well known (ACS::Cold Laser Therapy, 2007). Open guard dog bunch Public Citizen likewise affirmed that chilly laser treatment suppliers are cheating a great many smokers with guarantee of end for powerful aggregates of up to $349 per meeting. As indicated by the gathering audits of clinical writing shows not many all around run preliminaries that review the viability of cold laser treatment for

When using different metals Essay Example for Free

When utilizing various metals Essay A case of this is the point at which an iron nail is placed in a copper sulfate arrangement. A relocation response possibly happens when a metal responds with a corrosive. This is an exothermic response. Exothermic implies that the vitality is leaving the response. Concoction response where the vitality substance of the items is not as much as that of the reactants; heat is given out from the framework. In an exothermic response, heat vitality is radiated to the environmental factors so the item particles have lower heat content than the reactants. This resembles taking a wet wipe and pressing it into a pipe the wipe winds up with lower water content than before the exothermic response. The measure of water which is crushed into the channel and gathered is a decent solid approach to imagine the warmth of response. Contraption: Measuring Cylinder Thermometer Stop clock Balancing Scale Copper sulfate arrangement Beaker Zinc Lead Aluminum Magnesium Iron Method: == Collect totally required gear in a plate. == Put 50 cubic cm of copper sulfate arrangement into a container ensure it is 50 by utilizing an estimating chamber. == Measure temperature of arrangement at the asking by utilizing a thermometer. == Measure 2 grams of metals with copper sulfate arrangement. == Shut the measuring utencil with a cover made out of cardboard for the thermometer to enter. == Measure temperature of substance at regular intervals. == Repeat for 8 mins. == Repeat this everyday practice for different metals. Forecast: I foresee that magnesium will dislodge the greater part of different metals it will respond with. This is on the grounds that magnesium is the most elevated metal we are utilizing in the reactivity arrangement and as such will dislodge more. Results: Iron 1 2 3 Average Graph Analysis From this examinations results I can see that Magnesium was the most receptive metal out of them, and Lead was one of the metals that responded the least, alongside Zinc. Magnesium produced the most warmth out of all. It took a few minutes for magnesium to arrive at its most elevated temperature on the table. My forecast was right as I anticipated that Magnesium would be the metal that discharged the most warmth, as it was the more receptive than different metals. Assessment In this test I explored how much warmth dislodging responses give out. We utilized plastic measuring glasses yet utilized cardboard tops, which may have modified the aftereffects of the examination. If I somehow happened to do a similar analysis over again I would utilize plastic covers and check whether the outcomes were the equivalent or on the off chance that they varied. We additionally hand blended the arrangements, so that could have changed the outcomes. I could improve the investigation on the off chance that a similar individual blended it, at that point they would know generally at what speed they mixed the arrangement. Rina Bhudia Science Investigation 10 B3 Mrs Davis Show review just The above see is unformatted content This understudy composed bit of work is one of numerous that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behavior segment.

How Biorobotics Might Save Millions Of People

How Biorobotics Might Save Millions Of People From the authors of science fiction books to movie producers, Biorobotics has been a favourite theme. Films like Star Trek and its character ‘Commander Data’ and the TV series The Next Generation are well-known science fiction. However, true science fiction fans and academics go back to the writing of Isaac Asimov, who is credited by the Oxford English Dictionary for introducing the word ‘robotics’ and the late 1960’s when Stanley Kubrick provided a visualization for robotics in ‘The Space Odyssey’.Modern media continues to explore the field of robotics as a theme that captivates a vast majority of viewers especially in an age where technology is available to practically every man. The terms android and droids are familiar to everyone. Therefore, the subject of Biorobotics is of importance to everyone. © Shutterstock.com | Vasilyev AlexandrThis article discusses  1) what is Biorobotics, 2) how Biorobotics helps humans, 3) initial efforts and strategies made by Biorobotics, 4) how Biorobotics can help in vaccinations, and 5) how humanity can be saved from various viruses through Biorobotics.WHAT IS BIOROBOTICS?Biorobotics is a term representative of the amalgamation of several sciences. Under this banner, fields of bionics, genetic engineering and cybernetics are all in play. This collective study of different sciences coming together has allowed us to explore how robotics can interact with biology. In its wake, Biorobotics essentially allows robotics to be a substantial substitute for biological organism in a chemical as well as a mechanical capacity.Biorobotics replicates the biological understanding of living organisms and reproduces their characteristics through artificial means. The theoretical discipline of comprehensively engineering genetic information to develop new roboti c designs is one aspect of Biorobotics. Another aspect is the use of biological specimens as components of a functioning robot.Experts have gone so far as to say that Biorobotics is a form of creation; scientists are exploring creation of life from matter that is non-living. Although the field is still in its infancy, Biorobotics which is sometimes also referred to as synthetic biology and more often known as bio-nanotechnology in the academic circles, have significant possibilities in the future.HOW BIOROBOTICS HELPS HUMANSBiorobotics is subdivided into faculties of bio-mechanics and neural-engineering which facilitate rehabilitation engineering as well as wearable and implantable technologies, and micro- nanotechnologies. Different technologies are at different stages of experimentation with some at human trial stages while others at the verge of being mass produced and marketed.Biologically inspired robots are being worked upon to allow biologists and scientists to create better robots than we have traditionally. This means that the performance will provide an improved function. Sub fields will be created in robotics and robots will become specialized in, say, artificial skin sensing. A good example is the work of Italian scientists in making prosthetic skin pads for diabetics.Researchers are also working on haptics; anything concerning the sense of touch. In addition to providing prosthetic sensation devices, the field of haptics in Biorobotics opens up possibilities in surgical procedures. It can improve precision by allowing surgeons to virtually sense how deep an incision needs to be made.Microchips are already being used in safety and security divisions to monitor activities of individuals such as prisoners. For this, as well as the medical applications, scientists from the University of Illinois are working in collaboration with colleagues from Singapore on refining these chips into micro-electronics. The refinement process aims at making these thinn er and irritation free. Additions are being made to the monitoring function of these electronics; the intention is to add wide ranging applications such as transmission to make it function like a human-computer interface.INITIAL EFFORTS AND STRATEGIES MADE BY BIOROBOTICSBio-mechanicsBio-mechanics studies the motion and force in living organisms. This understanding of the motor biological systems allows the traditional engineering techniques, which are primarily motor-based, to help humans through the creation of prostheses. Prosthetic limbs have come a long way; today, a prosthetic arm, for example, replicates a human arm to the tiniest possible details. This means that the functioning of the prosthetic arm matches the dexterity of an average human arm. In addition to the mechanical implications studied and applied under bio-mechanics, neural engineering takes Biorobotics to a whole new level.Neural EngineeringNeural engineering employs the quantitative and statistical study of the function of the brain. By manipulating and interfacing the nervous system, neural engineers develop an understanding that can be utilized to help the humans. By creating computational models down to a single neuron, engineers are exploring and experimenting new ways to create an interface between man-made technologies and the neural tissue. This method of experimentation comes under the domain of brain-machine interfacing. Neural engineering and brain-machine interfacing when combined with prostheses such as a prosthetic arm have allowed scientists to come up with what is known as The Bionic Arm. Amputees have to suffer from a sensation known as phantom pain for a long time after their surgery. This is because the nerves from the spinal cord come to the shoulder of a person with an amputated arm. The sensation of having or moving an arm stays as the brain is not used to the absence of the arm and it continues to send signal through the neurons to be received by the arm. Scientists u tilize these impulses through the study of neural engineering to allow electrodes in the prosthetic arm to detect these impulses. This eliminates the extensive process of rehabilitation that amputees have to go through by eliminating the actual learning curve with regards to the prosthesis. An additional control is provided with simple press buttons that can be incorporated in the patient’s shoes. These prosthetics are inclusive of touch and pressure sensitivity, position as well as haptic perception owing to the advancement in neural interface which allows the provision of cognitive feedback.Interactive TherapyApart from the cognitive and involuntary movements of the human body, most functions are learned through ‘muscle memory’; a term referring to the repetition causing learning of a movement through the practice of the brain sending signals through the neurons to the respective muscles. Several brain injuries cause muscles to suffer from permanent or a temporary form of am nesia. Interactive therapy is trying to provide a solution for this problem with the use of Biorobotics. Virtually interactive environments are designed to rehabilitate patients suffering from muscular amnesia. Interfacing with these environments supplements traditional methods of therapy by providing the muscles with an environment that has been distorted to facilitate the learning of the muscle to retain proper functioning. Further facilitation allows these systems to provide therapy to children suffering from cerebral-palsy, using gaming software that are appropriate.Wearable and Implantable TechnologiesNeural engineering has been in use in the form of cardiac pacemakers for a very long time now. By disrupting or stimulating the neuro-circuitry, robotics other implantable devices like the cardiac pacemakers are being developed to monitor neural disease such as Parkinsonism, epilepsy and depression. High frequency electrical stimulation is in the experimental stages for being util ized to inhibiting electrical signals. This is researched to be useful in the application of reversible and localized anaesthesia as well as bladder control or any other hard to control neuron functions particularly in the case of paralysis.Visual ProsthesisVisual prosthesis is also a result of neural engineering. In cases where the neural circuitry as well as the visual perception of the brain is still functioning, the retina that is responsible for sensing light damaged owing to age related or other degenerative loss, eye-sights can be restored. The technology that is being worked on replicates the function of a retina. It currently employs about a hundred electrodes but further experimentation would allow capturing of better resolution imagery. Micro and NanotechnologyMicro and nanotechnology is the section of Biorobotics that allows scientists to produce robotic solutions that can prove to be biological replacements down to the level of neurons. It deals with the miniaturization of devices as well as mechanical processes. These miniature robots are effectively being experimented for their use in repairing DNA and delivering drugs other than restoring sight and innumerable other applications.Sustained-Release Drug DeliverySustained-release drug delivery is an outcome of nanotechnology in Biorobotics. It allows implants to deliver drugs for a long period of up to five years using winding paths on a microscopic scale by reducing the rate of transmission of the drug molecules. With additional technologies, sustained-release drug delivery systems can be used to monitor drug transmission through external devices such as a microchip that can regulate the dosage of insulin by determining levels of glucose in the patient’s blood.Targeted Drug DeliveryA major concern in the field of medicine is the side effects caused by various drugs. In an attempt to limit the effects of a drug to its target in order to reduce and eventually eliminate the side effects, researche rs are using Biorobotics to develop targeted drug delivery systems. This is done by adding to the sustained release drug delivery by encapsulating drugs in a polymer mould that fits only in the target cells. The study of the complexity of microbiology allows scientists to use the specificity of biological organisms in engineering robotics to dexterity that works in a lock and key mechanism between the drug and the targeted cell.MicrofluidicsA similar concept is being integrated with the domain of therapy and diagnostics. This is being made possible with the invention of biological micro-electromechanical systems known as Bio-MEMS. Bio-MEMS use microfluidics; microscopic volumes of fluid is analysed through small fluid chambers, isolating certain molecules and cells. The size of these chambers can be understood as those placed on a micro-chip. This ‘’lab on a chip’’ module particularly targets the in-situ diagnostics by aiming inexpensive methods for Third-World countries in the monitoring of disease such as AIDS.HOW BIOROBOTICS CAN HELP IN VACCINATIONSOne of the most interesting ways that Biorobotics can help in providing cures for disease affecting the human population is through aid to the processes involved in researching disease and automating the mass production of vaccines. Mass production allows the end product to be inexpensive and accessible to a large population in short spans of time.Such is the case with the cure for malaria. Malarial infections are a prime concern for the scientists in saving the human population from this virus. The concern has a focus on the production process where researchers have found a vaccine with a hundred percent success rate on a group of subjects. Efforts are being made to automate the system of dissecting mosquitoes using robots which significantly improves the process of mass production of this malaria vaccine. It may be questioned that the malaria vaccine was discovered long ago and the need for work on the new vaccine is being condemned by some. But improving upon cures with the discovery of new vaccines is important and this process is being revolutionized under the premise of Biorobotics.HOW HUMANITY CAN BE SAVED FROM VARIOUS VIRUSES THROUGH BIOROBOTICSThere are cases where the viruses found in nature are not always working against the human population. The micro-world is considered to be at war with the humans and it is considered that the humans are losing this war. However, the statement is untrue as there have been cases where viruses help balance the vast ecology that humans are a part of. The case of rabbits reproducing very fast in Australia started turning these endearing creatures into locusts. With the rapid reproduction, the rabbits started risking the ecology of Australia as the grasslands where being eaten away. This excessive activity was endangering Australia with the threat of desertification.Scientists saw this threat and came up with the solution. Biorobotics came into play where a need was identified for the mass production of Myxomatosis virus. The virus became to be known as ‘’rabbit death virus’’ as it was used to infect gnats which are a threat to the rabbit population. Once released, the gnats eliminated the rabbit population faster than any other method possible, bringing back a balance to the ecosystem.With viruses being considered as sworn human enemies in general, there are always cases where they help maintain the balance as the functioning of the ecosystem is understood as that of an organism. Humans have been able to counter the harmful effects caused by counter-productive changes to our natural environment through the use of Biorobotics.The idea of Biorobotics springs from the concept of bio-mimicry as is evident from its name. This pursuit for medical and general scientific advancement, the strategy has the highest level of payback as long as the biological parameters are followed. In the efforts to revolutionize Biorob otics in saving millions from among the human population, biological organisms are observed and these observations implemented. However, in addition, the struggles faced by scientists and engineers in this effort to control and perfect these robotic solutions could become a source of tremendous insight in the understanding of the biological systems too. There has been an emergence of sub-disciplines of Biorobotics known as HRIC. Human-Robot Interaction Coordination is a result of the sophistication of Biorobotics and the increasing role it is playing in the lives of humans. Biorobotics even at such an advanced stage is still a barely tapped resource proving that the possibilities to save human lives are endless.

Radio Frequency Identity Tags in Supply Chain Management...

Radio Frequency Identity Tags (RFID) can greatly improve a company’s performance. RFID can be used as a tool for optimizing business processes and improve the efficiency of operations. It is used in a wide variety of areas. Here, in this report we will explore the possibility of RFID in supply chain management. It may improve the potential benefits of supply chain management through increase of the four factors: efficiency, accuracy, visibility, and security. RFID technology has a great potential to change the business models of companies and the way the companies are doing their business. Hence, it is interesting to analyse this technology and find out the present situation and future trends of RFID technology. In today’s world,†¦show more content†¦Kaufhof installed in its shop in Essen Germany ‘smart clothing shelves’, ‘smart try-out cabins’, and ‘smart mirrors’. Levi Strauss Co. has launched an item-level radio frequency identification (RFID) pilot at one of its retail stores in Mexico. What is RFID Technology? RFID technology is a wireless sensor technology which is based on the detection of electromagnetic signals. According to Mcfarlane and Sheffi (2003), an RFID based Auto-ID system is made up of a unique identification number, which is assigned to a particular item, an identity tag, which is attached to the item with a chip capable of storing a unique identification number, networked RFID readers, and data processing systems that are capable of collecting signals from multiple tags at high speeds and of pre-processing this data, and one or more networked databases that store the product information. In a typical RFID system, the tag and the reader communicate information between one another via radio waves. When a tagged object enters the readability zone of a reader, the reader signals the tag to transmit its stored data. Once the data on the tag are received by the reader, the information is relayed back to the computer via a network interface. The computer can then use that information for a variety of purposes. For instance, the computer could use the data to simply inventory the object in aShow MoreRelated Using RFID Technology to Replace Bar Codes and Scanners in the Harley-Davidson Company1720 Words   |  7 Pagesimplementing RFID technology as a means of increasing the efficiency of all parts of its supply chain. An abstract from Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia describes Radio-frequency identification (RFID), as a technology that uses radio waves to transmit data and uniquely identify an animal, person or thing. This case study looks at the potential use of RFID techn ology to replace bar codes and scanners in Harley-Davidson supply chain. It indentifies some pros and cons of its implementation and addresses the questionRead MoreAdvanced Technology And Supply Chain Management1434 Words   |  6 Pagesplanning of resources and optimizing the processes of the company and profit. The purpose of this research report is to explore one technology that has made a great impact on the supply chain and is increasingly becoming more popular. The Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) as an advanced technology in supply chain management is the technological solution most firms are looking at these days. RFID Technology is a smarter way to track shipments, time deliveries, and keep inventories which in turn makesRead MoreWalmart Smart Inventory System Essay1302 Words   |  6 Pageson their Inventory System. Wal-mart, the wholesale retail monopoly, focused on developing an RFID-based electronic product code, or EPC. The electronic code would allow businesse s to track shipments and inventory automatically through a system of tags and sensors. It was a potential replacement for the manual scanning of bar codes, a technology that itself revolutionized retail two decades earlier. Given the nearly non-existent cost of bar codes relative to RFID, several in the industry said,  theRead MoreINTRODUCTION Technology is always evolving and developing and sometimes this development takes a1700 Words   |  7 Pagesis always evolving and developing and sometimes this development takes a leap forward which is beyond comparison and magnitude. A case in point is Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) systems invented in the 1960’s for the purpose of repeated data capture dependent on transmissions of the range of radio frequency to recognize objects. Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is based on the principle of using electromagnetic energy for communication among devices. The two essential components, a transponderRead MoreAbstract Of Electromagnetic Automatic Checkout System Essay3082 Words   |  13 Pagesself-checkout system for providing collective information systems with the identity of each physical item carrying Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology in the supply chain in an automated and timely manner. The real time availability of item identity allows the i tems to be scanned and checked out for a faster, more accurately and an automatized service, leading to increase timeliness. In the context of supply chain operations, universal introduction of such system shows a major probabilityRead MoreThe Tactical Value Of Rfid2080 Words   |  9 Pagesgap exists between the actual and potential values of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology in supply chain industry. This paper provides understanding into the tactical value of RFID by building a concept on how RFID used in supply chain management may create and withstand a competitive advantage. This reading uses a simulation model to determine the anticipated benefits of an integrated RFID system on a three-echelon supply chain attained through performance increases in efficiency,Read MoreRfid For A Integrated Rfid Supply Chain2208 Words   |  9 PagesRFID in supply chain Professor : Erick C. Jones Critical thinking #1 Due date : 06/19/15 Koppolu vijaya Krishna 1001100528 Abstract Academic researchers have recognised a gap exists between the actual and potential values of radio frequency identification (RFID) technology in supply chain industry. This paper provides understanding into the tactical value of RFID by building a concept on how RFID used in supply chain management may create and withstand a competitive advantage. This readingRead MoreRadio Frequency Identification And Wireless Sensor Networks Essay1698 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract—Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are two significant wireless technologies. RFID and WSNs are well known both identification and data transmission they are widely used in applications for environmental and health monitoring. Though the integration of RFID and WSNs fascinates little attention from the research community. In this paper, a Hybrid RFID and WSN system (HRW) that cooperatively integrates the traditional RFID and WSN systems for efficientRead MoreBenefits And Chal lenges Of Using Rfid And Will Touch Upon The Potential Changes It Has Brought And Can Bring1517 Words   |  7 Pagesto affix Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) tags on all delivery cases and pallets by 1 Jan 2005 (Tirschwell, 2003). Wal-Mart began receiving RFID tagged delivery cases and pallets on April 30, 2004 (Roberti, 2004). Since then RFID has been explored and implemented intensively in Walmart and other industries such as medical care, asset tracking, warehouse management and retail. Pretty soon, it will be accepted more widely and will impact positively on role and importance of supply chain managementRead MoreRadio Frequency Identification : Applications2626 Words   |  11 PagesJosh Myers English 102 Kearney Monday @ 7:00 PM First Draft Radio Frequency Identification: Applications in Healthcare Have you ever had your identity stolen? In today’s Information Age, data security breaches and identity theft are becoming a much more prevalent crime. According to NBC news, there were over 12.6 million reported cases of identity theft in the United States alone in 2012. When broken down that is 35,000 cases of identity theft each day! The repercussions of this for the victim can

Re-Educating Health Care Providers on Hand Hygiene Practice Free Essay Example, 6250 words

Thorough and proper hand hygiene is one of the most significant practices, which helps in eliminating cross-contamination and reducing incidences of hospital-acquired infections (HAI) (Kim & Kollak, 2006). Specifically, healthcare related infections have been on the increase in the recent years, prompting serious investigations as to whether healthcare facilities were taking hand hygiene seriously. Global statistics indicate that the rate of hospital-acquired infections revolves around 25 percent, while also increasing costs involved in treating and managing HAIs in healthcare facilities (Kim & Kollak, 2006). However, substantive epidemiologic evidence supports the fact that hand hygiene helps to reduce the instances of HAIs in hospitals (Kim & Kollak, 2006). The World Health Organization (WHO), Centers for Disease Control (CDC), and the Joint Commission have acknowledged the significance of hand hygiene globally (Ivers, et al. 2012). These organizations recommend hand hygiene practices as one way of reducing or eliminating Healthcare-acquired infections in hospitals. In the hospital scenario, the WHO recommends five main points when healthcare workers ought to observe hand hygiene (Parker, & Smith 2010). These are before having contact with patients, before any antiseptic tasks, after exposure to bodily fluid, after contact with a patient, and after coming in contact with the patient’s surroundings. We will write a custom essay sample on Re-Educating Health Care Providers on Hand Hygiene Practice or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now Healthcare workers are expected to comply with these guidelines in order to minimize healthcare-acquired infections. However, compliance with hand hygiene has always been low historically with the average compliance rate at only 39 percent (Parker, & Smith 2010). This situation has made it difficult to manage healthcare-acquired infections as well as alleviate the impact of health campaigns to minimize cross-contamination. Research has shown that failure to adhere with hand hygiene practices not only makes healthcare costly, but also undermines the efficacy of delivering healthcare services (Kim & Kollak, 2006). Healthcare costs reportedly shoot up to 16 billion if hand hygiene is not complied with, and most of the costs involved in treating patients who stay longer in the hospital after contracting (Kim & Kollak, 2006). HAIs Compliance is vital for measuring the rates of success of the various healthcare interventions that patients receive. Re-education is a multimodal intervention aimed at inducing and improving compliance with hand hygiene practices. This intervention is based on theoretical frameworks of behavioral change at the individual, interpersonal and organizational level.

Windshield Survey Free Essays

Keyes, California is a census-designated town in Stanislaus County. Keyes is located off Highway 99 in the California Central Valley. This small town is unknown to many due to its 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Windshield Survey or any similar topic only for you Order Now 8 mile radius (â€Å"City data†). Numerous health concerns plague this small town due to its size and population. A windshield survey and internet research provides information on the people, the land, and the health of those living in this small community. The People According to the 2010 census, Keyes has a population of 5,601 residents with a 50/50 male to female ratio (â€Å"City data†). The median age of these residents is 29. 5 years old. The majority of the Keyes population has a household annual income of $29,943 for a family of 4. Annual income is just above or right at the poverty line. In 2011 it was recorded that 32. 1% of the population was living in poverty. A staggering 12. 9% of Keyes residents are unemployed as of July 2013. About 18% of Keyes residents work in construction, agriculture, or retail. Keyes is a predominately Hispanic community accounting for 60. 9% of its residents. Whites average 34. 3% of the population followed by 2% Asian and 0.4% Black. The residents of Keyes are 54% Catholic in faith followed by 5% Baptist and 5% Mormon. Keyes lacks a municipal government but is a part of Stanislaus County (â€Å"City data†). The Land Keyes, California is located between Ceres and Turlock off Highway 99. The town’s appearance is unattractive at first look. No landscaping or sidewalks are provided in most of the community. The majority of homes are enclosed by a fence and most do not have a driveway. Although the homes are aged and tattered, many of them have nice yards with minimal refuse. Homes in this location were built in the 1980’s. The average price of a home located in Keyes, Ca is $89,952 (â€Å"Zillow†). Few people were out walking in the community. The residents of Keyes had a wide range of dogs in almost every yard. A large park is located in the eastern part of the town. Hatch Park has a walking path and a playground for children. The park is relatively new, according to its residents. Safety does not appear to be an issue before dark. The park is open from sunrise to sunset, although, it is not patrolled by police. There is no police department located in Keyes. Stanislaus county sheriff responds to calls for this small town. The fire department is located in the southern end of the city. According to Paramedic Rhodes of the Keyes Fire Department, there are an average of 20 calls per week 85% being medical, 10% motor vehicle accidents, and 5% fire. Most medical transports are sent to Emanuel Medical Center in Turlock located 5 miles southeast of the town. There are no doctors offices or urgent care’s located within Keyes. There are no pharmacies or dentists located in the immediate area. Neighboring cities have these services within five to eight miles. Stanislaus Regional Transport (START) provides bus services to Keyes (â€Å"Stanislaus regional transport†). There are four bus stops in Keyes all located near the freeway and the schools. The buses stop about every two hours from 5 am to 9 pm (â€Å"Stanislaus regional transport†). The bus stops had several people waiting and appeared to be used in the community by various age groups. There is a local post office with P. O. Boxes. Keyes does not have a postman to deliver mail to individual homes (â€Å"USPS†). Stores located in this little community consist of two convince stores and one grocery store consisting of a limited supply of fresh fruits and vegetables. The nearest full service grocery store and pharmacy are located 3. 8 miles away in Turlock, California (â€Å"Google maps†). No chain fast food restaurants were note during the survey however there are several taco trucks located in the area. Minimal businesses are present. Local businesses consist of construction companies of various sorts. Schools are present in this community. The local Elementary school teach students years K-8. Keyes to Learning Charter School instructs students K-12. The Stanislaus County Library has a branch located in Keyes for students of all ages. The Health Overall health is a concern in this community. No access to medical, dental, or pharmacies directly affects these residents. Locals may have access to healthcare but they may not have access to transportation to and from doctors appointments in neighboring cities. Low socioeconomic status prevents many from seeking necessary treatment for medical conditions. The inability to pay for prescribed medication can lead to worsening health conditions. Limited access to a full service grocery store can limit the amount of fresh fruits and vegetables consumed by these residents. In Stanislaus County the rate of diabetes is 1. 6% greater than the California average and the rate of obesity is 6. 7% greater (â€Å"City data†). Diet and exercise plays a role in these statistics. Although there is a local park it is not widely used. A sedentary lifestyle is common in this community. It is concerning to have such high incidents of obesity and diabetes in a town where the average householder is younger than 30 years old. A large percentage of the community is considered vulnerable (â€Å"Cdc†). The community health status indicators displays that Stanislaus County has a large vulnerable population. A vulnerable population includes 39% of individuals without a high school diploma and a 12. 9% unemployment rate. The county has a total of 23,378 people diagnosed with major depression and 38,337 involved with drug use in the last month (â€Å"Cdc†). Many other factors are affecting this town’s health including; smoking associated heart disease, cancer and respiratory illnesses (â€Å"Cdc†). As a goal, Healthy people 2020 is seeking to improve maternal, infant, and child health. Education is a crucial aspect in improving health in all stages of life. Mothers who are educated about their health and the health of their families can in turn make choices that can positively affect their families future. Nurses in the community could arrange classes at the local schools after hours to provide education on diet, exercise, and disease prevention. These classes could be taught in English and Spanish to better meet the needs of the community. Keyes, California is a small community with no access to many basic needs. The health of the community is deteriorating due to the lack of proper nutrition and healthcare. This town is living at or below the poverty line. The needs of the community outweigh the resources made available by Stanislaus County. More research should be conducted within the central valley to determine the needs of this vulnerable population. Keyes can become a healthier place to live in the future with help from the surrounding cities, local governments, and healthcare providers. How to cite Windshield Survey, Papers Windshield Survey Free Essays A windshield survey is an assessment and evaluation of a community performed by traveling throughout the community in a car or public transportation to make observations about a community. The data gathered will help identify health care strengths and weaknesses in the specified community. A community is a social group established by geographic boundaries or common values and interests. We will write a custom essay sample on Windshield Survey or any similar topic only for you Order Now Its members know and interact with one another and function in a particular social structure and exhibit and create norms, values and, social institutions (Stanhope, 2008). Community health has three mutual traits, or aspects: status, structure, and process. Community health in terms of status or outcome, is the most familiar and received approach; it involves biological, emotional, and social parts (Stanhope, 2008). The biological or living part of community health is often measured by established morbidity and mortality rates, life expectancy indexes, and risk factor profiles. The emotional part of health status can be measured by consumer satisfaction and mental health indexes. Crime rates and functional levels refl ect the social part of community health. Other status measures, such as worker absenteeism and infant mortality rates, reflect the effects of all three parts. Community health, when perceived as the structure of the community, is commonly explained in terms of services and resources. Measures of community structure incorporate demographics, such as socioeconomic and racial distributions, age, and educational level. (Stanhope Lancaster, 2008) The community is the client only when the nursing emphasis is on the common good of the population instead of on an individual’s health. When focusing on the community as client, direct clinical care can be a part of population focused community health practice. This type of care decreases the risk of an epidemic in the community. The community client also highlights the complexity of the change process. Implementing changes which, will improve the community client often occur at a number of levels, extending from the individual to society (Stanhope, 2008). Healthy People 2020 maintains tradition with the launch on December 2, 2010 of it’s 10-year agenda for improving the Nation’s health. Healthy People 2020, 2011) A society in which all people live long, healthy lives is the mission statement of Healthy People 2020. (Healthy People 2020, 2011) A health indicator that applies to my specialty area is substance abuse. Substance abuse produces control on an individuals life and creates havoc among the families and communities. The effects of substance abuse are increasing, drastically contributing to costly social, physical, mental, and public health problems(Healthy People 2020, 2011). According to Healthy People 2020, (2011) some problems include:teenage pregnancy, Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), domestic violence, child abuse, motor vehicle crashes, physical violence, crime, homicide, and suicide. A role nursing would perform in affecting this indicator would be education in the community. Adolescent abuse of prescription drugs, such as prescription pain relievers Vicodin and OxyContin, has remains on the rise and continues to devastate lives and families involved (NIDA InfoFacts: Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction, 2011). The accessibility of prescription drugs is growing from several places, including the family medicine cabinet, the Internet, and doctors. Drug addiction is a needless disease. Results from NIDA-funded research have shown that prevention programs including families, schools, communities, and the media are successful in decreasing drug abuse. Although countless events and cultural influences affect drug abuse trends, when youths sense drug abuse as harmful, they reduce their drug taking. NIDA InfoFacts: Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction, 2011) Education and outreach programs are essential in assisting communities to understand the risks of drug abuse. This is a Windshield Survey of Philadelphia, PA, 19154 completed on June 16, 2010. The information collected in this survey displayed basic ideas about this community and identified needs for a certain population in the community. Housing and zoning- The homes and buildings were builtafter 1950. The homes and buildings are constructe d from brick, vinyl siding and are a mix of row and single homes and the homes are in excellent condition. These homes vary in size and land. | Transportation- The most common means of transportation 19154. area include driving a car alone, carpooling and public transportation SEPTA(Southeastern Public Transportation Authority)During observations in the community, many bus stops werehad 6-8 people waiting. Somewere in their school uniforms, some work attire, and others were casually dressed. Theconditions of the roads need minor repairs most are newly paved. | Race and ethnicity- The chief ethnic group in the 19154 is a heavily populated, urban zip code in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The population is largely white, and mostly married couples. Total Population: 35,606 White Population: 31,896 Black Population: 1,678 Hispanic Population: 1,030 Asian Population: 812 Hawaiian Population: 13 Indian Population: 48 Male Population: 17,313 Female Population: 18,293 Median Age: 36. 2 Median Age of Males: 34. 9 Median Age of Females: 37. 6. (Neighiborhood Link National Network, 2011) . | Open space- There is not much open space, but the areas around the Dunksferry Rd and Academy and Knights roads are designated for the athletic teams and school sports. | Service centers-19154 has several service centers. On Southampton Rd there is the VA. Community Center, S. P. I. N. (Special People in the Northeast, mentally challenged individuals), W. I. C. offices and Social Security center. There are many schools, High school, grade school (public and Catholic) and headstart programs in our community. Also off Academy Rd. there is a health center and a dental facility. There are 3 major hospitals and several medical facilities in the community. | Religion and politics- In our community the primary religion is Catholic with a mix of protestant and Jewish. The primary party is republican. | Boundaries- The geographical boundaries for 19154 include Interstate I-95, Route 1 and the PA Turnpike. The income is middle class. The estimatedmedian income is $60,000 per year. Theneighborhoods are named and identified by street names. Some of theneighborhoods include Parkwood, Liberty Bell, Chalfont, Comly, Somerton, Morrell Park and Bustleton. | Stores and street people-Major stores in the community are Kohl’s, Target, and Wal-Mart, many grocery stores such as, Pathmark, Reddners and Acme Markets. There is not any type of street people as in homeless in the community. The community is primarily devised of law enforcement, fire fighters, teachers and healthcare providers. Health and morbidity-Substance abuse is increasing by our youth and adults in this community. There are no obvious drug dealings going on in the community but, there are dealers. Observations made were several people smoking on the bus stops, very young looking, and other smokers of appropriate age. There are several fast food restaurants in the area as well as finer restaurants, which may have resulted in the large number of people living in this area living with cardiac issues. Other observations made were the adolescents in the streets during school hours and some looking as if they were under the influence. Commons-In 19154 there are several churches, the park and recreational facilities restaurants and clubs. off Southampton Rdis the Community College of Philadelphia and off Street Rd there a several tech schoolsLocal eateries such as Chickie Pete’s. Chili’s. Carraba’s, Outback Steakhouse, Texas Roadhouse, Friendly’s, Applebee’s, Nifty fifties and TGI Fridays. There are a number of fast food restaurants, such as McDonald’s, KFC, and Burger Kingwhere many people like to hang out. There is also a few -11, Wawa and playgrounds that teens usually hang out. These gathering areas are easily identified by signs. They are open to everyone and usually people with the same interests gather in these areas. | Signs of decay- There are no evident signs of decay, although at some playgrounds there were several graffiti tags on the buildings. | Media- The local newspaper is the Philadelphia Inquirer and the community newspaper is The Northeast Times. The TV news stations are ABC 6, Eyewitness News and NBC 10 news. The internet is a source of the major attributes of the media and the common providers are Verizon and Comcast and the cable providers are Comcast, Verizon Fios, The Dish and DIRECTV. References: (2011). Retrieved June 18, 2011, from Neighiborhood Link National Network: http://www. neighborhoodlink. com/zip/19154 Healthy People 2020. (2011, February 22). Retrieved June 18, 2011, from Healthy People: http://www. healthypeople. gov/2020/about/default. aspx NIDA InfoFacts: Understanding Drug Abuse and Addiction. (2011, March). Retrieved June 18, 2011, from National Institute of Drug Abuse: ht tp://www. drugabuse. gov/infofacts/understand. html Stanhope, M. L. (2008). Public Health Nursing. St. Louis: Mosby Elsevier. How to cite Windshield Survey, Papers Windshield Survey Free Essays According to Stanhope and Lancaster (2008) defines a community as: â€Å"A social group determined by geographic boundaries and/or common values and interests. Its members know and interact with one another. It functions within a particular social structure and exhibits and creates norms, values, and social institutions† (World Health Organization [WHO], 1974, pg. We will write a custom essay sample on Windshield Survey or any similar topic only for you Order Now 7). Stanhope and Lancaster (2008) defines community health as having: â€Å"three common characteristics, or dimensions: status, structure, and process. Stanhope Lancaster (2008) also go on to say: â€Å"Each dimension reflects a unique aspect of community health: (pg. 45). Community health in terms of status, or income, is the most well known and accepted approach; it involves biological, emotional, and social parts. The biological (or physical) part of community health is often measured by traditional morbidity and mortality rates, life expectancy indexes, and risk factors profile† (pg. 345). The community is the client if a nurse is helping individuals even one at a time in the community. Stanhope and Lancaster (2008) states: â€Å"The community is the client only when the nursing focus is on the collective or common good of the population instead of on individual health† (pg. 44) and â€Å"Although the nurse may work with individuals, families or other interacti ng groups, aggregates, or institutions, or within a population, the resulting changes are intended to affect the whole community† (Stanhope and Lancaster, 2008, pg. 344). One Healthy People 2020 health indicator that applies to this particular area, which is Oklahoma City, would be â€Å"Quality of life and well-being† (Healthy People 2020 at a glance. (2010). There is a large population of poverty level residents. Many people in the community of the south side Oklahoma City are living in homes that are not safe or are unclean. Additional aspects will be discussed in the Window Survey of south Oklahoma City. The boundary for the north part of Oklahoma City runs almost parallel to interstate I-44 from the east to the west. It is located in the central metro area of the state of Oklahoma, with boundaries east of the cities of Mustang and Yukon, and west of the cities of Spencer and Del City. The southern boundary of Oklahoma City overlaps interstate I-240 that runs from east to west and is north of the cities of Moore and Norman. The economic boundaries for the southern part of Oklahoma City can run the ambit from residents below poverty level to those that would be considered to be upper-class in their monetary value. There are neighborhoods that many would not feel comfortable after dark because there has been a rise in crime to those areas. The zoning of these homes are single story, quarter acre lots that are approximately one thousand to fifteen hundred square feet. These impoverished areas have small, o lder homes that are two to three bedroom homes that are unkempt and, at times, are cockroach infested. The houses are built closely side by side and do not have much open space throughout the neighborhood. Most of these homes show signs of decay related to the amount of repairs that need to be made to the home. Many of the residents are renting and cannot afford to make the necessary repairs or have landlords that are unwilling to comply with the safety of their occupants. The stores in the south part of Oklahoma City are ones that cater to a lower income, such as, Payday loans, Buy For Less, Ross, Payless shoes, Wal Mart, etc. Race representation in this area of south Oklahoma City is a majority of Hispanic, black, white, and Native American. When driving through this community, there are men and women who can be seen each day standing on the corners of busy streets holding various cardboard signs which ask for help and state they are out of work. The houses have children’s toys laying in the front yards and dogs can be seen in the backyards roaming or on chains. The transportation for many, are cars that range from 1980’s to the 2000’s. They appear to be in need of repair in many cases. Since many of the residents in this area have little money, there are service centers, such as Auto Zone, and Midas that aide in â€Å"do it yourself† repairs. However, there is a divide in the income level because within five to ten miles there are neighborhoods with homes that are valued from a quarter of a million to half a million dollars. These upper class neighborhoods are surrounded by brick walls with gates that require codes for entrance. One higher class neighborhood is called Rivendale. Surrounding these areas are higher end shopping centers, such as Chasity Square. This particular shopping center has stores called Mann’s Best Friend that provides all natural dog food and baked goods for pets. In both of the low income areas and higher income areas, there are many churches of various religions that are represented, including Catholic, Baptist, Non-denominational, Methodist, Lutheran, and Jehovah’s Witness. These are common meeting places for many in both communities. Aspects that would affect the health in this community, would be alcohol, tobacco, and drug abuse. For those in the low income areas, stress of everyday life in which they struggle would draw them to these vices, for those in the higher income areas, it would be the stress of working to maintain their lifestyle. Other health concerns would be obesity of those who cannot afford healthy eating habits, high blood pressure affects both low and high incomes for different reasons, diabetes, and for the low income, lack of preventative care. There is Planned Parenthood for well woman checks, organizations that provide blood pressure checks and diabetes screening, and the YMCA works on a sliding scale of income for membership to the gym to help prevent obesity. Media is covered by local news stations and the Daily Oklahoman. ? References Healthy People 2020 at a glance. (2010). PT in Motion, 2(6), 22-23. Retrieved From EBSCOhost. Stanhope, M. Lancaster, J. (2008). Population-Centered Health Care In the Community. (7th ed. ). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier. World Health Organization: Community health nursing: report of a WHO expert committee, Geneva, 1374, World Health Organization. How to cite Windshield Survey, Papers

Social Inequalities in American Society

Introduction Social inequalities seem to typify the American society. The federal government is desperately attempting to raise the debt ceiling to cover up for high debt due to insufficient revenues. That notwithstanding, it is now apparent that myriads of billionaires and millionaires rarely pay their income taxes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Inequalities in American Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is despite making huge incomes from their investments. Conversely, tax evasion amongst the middle and lower class is an offense that invites horrendous punitive measures (Kourvetaris, 1997). How do the rich avoid paying income tax to the government? Have people banded together to counter this source of social inequality? Tax Avoidance by Billionaires There are various ways that the rich are able to avoid taxation. In 2009, the IRS revealed that almost 1,500 billionaires and millionaires in th e country did not pay a single dollar as income tax (Wilkinson Pickett, 2009). First, the billionaires seem to be very philanthropic by contributing to charities and donating to ‘worthy causes’. However, the tax regime dictates that such amounts that go directly to charity and other philanthropic activities are not subject to tax. Hence, many billionaires use this loophole to evade some significant percentage of their income from inviting taxation. Philanthropy has now become a way of improving the billionaires’ public image. Since they are the faces of their establishments and companies, they begin to make more sales and subsequent more profit in the name of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). On the other hand, the middle class seldom make enough income to direct huge amounts to charitable events and organizations. The little they donate contributes a meager percentage of their income implying that the larger portion of their income is subject to taxation. According to Wilkinson Pickett (2009), a middle class and lower classes are subject to an estimate of 35% in tax rate while the wealthy individuals only pay amount less than 17%. Besides, the middle and lower classes are not endowed with incredibly huge business ventures and companies that can invite higher returns because of improved public image (Chowning, 2001). This depicts the class disparities that fuel social inequalities within the American society. The billionaires also evade income taxation by investing in foreign countries. In fact, they are well advised to which country they ought to locate their business. Mainly, they consider countries that charge least amount of income tax on their companies (Shapiro, 2004). According to economists and tax experts, a company operating in foreign land pays the income tax to the host country and is not subject to paying tax in the United States (Bhim Salvatore, 2009). The rationale is that a single company cannot pay twice in terms of income tax. They claim that, if that were to happen, it would result to double taxation.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sidaneus Felicia (1999) explain that the billionaires capitalize on this loophole and invest in countries with high return on investments and low income tax on foreign direct investments. This does not only increase their wealth, it also exempts them from income tax. Take a scenario of a middle and lower class citizens whose wealth cannot allow them to invest in foreign countries. Hence, they invest locally where tax regime is significantly high. They end up paying more income tax for their companies (in terms of percentage of their income) than the billionaires and millionaires. Third, the rich have a tendency of investing in statutory and government bonds. Bhim Salvatore (2009) explicate that such investments bring immense income for the billionaires in t he long term. However, the income is not a subject of taxation and therefore, all the millions that the wealthy make go untaxed. It is worth noting that the government and treasury bonds are very expensive costing millions of dollars. This is dependent on their nature of the bonds. Subsequently, the low-income earners and middle class are unable to afford such bonds that are never a subject of tax (Wilkinson Pickett, 2009). As such, the wealthy continue to become rich while the poor continue to struggle with high rates of inflation, unemployment and high tax rate. This is a source of social inequality. Finally, the billionaires continue to wield huge influence on the policy making process of the government. While government economists and tax experts agree that there is a need for a change in the tax regime, there has been a momentous challenge in introducing the bill to the house. In fact, President’s Obama articulated that it is only reasonable that the billionaires pay mo re tax than the lower income earners. The unseen hand of the billionaires has been apparent, owing to their resistance to agree with Obama’s assertion. The Republicans have opposed the move vehemently saying that it is sparking class wars. This has been acceptable amongst the society’s rich who find no problem with the continued social inequalities that are clearly entrenched in the current tax regime. Have the people banded together against this inequality? At the outset, numerous citizens mainly from the middle and lower classes have criticized the tax regimes. In 2011, numerous civil rights groups announced ‘Occupy the Wall Street Campaign’. There have been other calls to protest against the influence of the rich on the American society.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social Inequalities in American Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While the campaigns have been hugely unsuc cessful, there has been debate about the authenticity of their protests. The budgetary team following the continued calls for change in government and tax policies came with budgetary estimates that seem to have the billionaires pay more taxes than the lower class and poor people in the society. Although this is an indication that the people might win the war in the end, huge challenges remain on the way. The rationale is that not all the billionaires are in agreement with the government’s new directive. This means that they will continue to manipulate the policy-making processes. Conclusion In sum, the United States’ tax regime is a characteristic of social inequality. While the middle and the lower classes of the society struggle to make ends meet, they pay more taxes than renowned billionaires and millionaires. The billionaires have invested in foreign countries where income tax is low and the return on investments is extremely high. Thus, they evade paying income t ax to the federal government due to the current tax regime principles of no double taxation. Besides, they contribute significantly to charitable organizations and give donations, none of which is subject to tax. The billionaires continued investments in statutory and government bonds have seen them make more income that is not taxable. All this coupled with their growing influence on the policy making process has seen massive protests against the rich. The most notable one was ‘Occupy Wall Street Campaign’. References Bhim, A. Salvatore, D. (2009). Social Inequality, Local Leadership and Collective Action: An Empirical Study of Forest Commons. European Journal of Development Research, 21(2), 178-179. Chowning, D. (1971). When Men Revolt and Why: A Reader in Political Violence and Revolution. New York: The Free Press. Kourvetaris, G. (1997). Political Sociology: Structure and Process. Boston, Massachusetts: Allyn and Bacon.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Shapiro, T. (2004). The hidden cost of being African- American. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Sidaneus, J. Felicia, P. (1999). Social Dominance: An Intergroup Theory of Social Hierarchy and Oppression. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Wilkinson, R. Pickett, K. (2009). The Spirit Level: Why More Equal Societies Almost Always Do Better. Boston, Massachusetts: Allen Lane. This essay on Social Inequalities in American Society was written and submitted by user Micheal Dickson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Wal-Marts Women essays

Wal-Marts Women essays When six females filed a class action discrimination lawsuit against Wal-Mart in 2004, they were not just looking out for their own interests; they were in fact standing up for 1.6 million other women who worked for and were allegedly treated unfairly by Wal-Mart after December 26, 1998. The suit alleges that Wal-Mart in effect has lived under a corporate management culture that discriminates against female employees in matters of pay, promotions, training for management positions, and job assignments. The suit was filed in U.S. District Court, and the judge ruled that the women could ask for back pay and compensation for those 1.6 million women. This paper points to the facts of the case, many of which have been presented cogently and graphically by a professor from the University of California at Hayward, Richard Drogin. Using files and data from Wal-Mart, Drogin has painted a picture of institutional discrimination that cries out for a judgment in favor of the plaintiffs. For example, Drogin shows that only 33 percent of salaried managers are women, and that male hourly workers earn an average of $18,609 a year, while female hourly employees earn only $17,498. At the higher corporate levels, men make far more than women, Drogin demonstrated; a male regional VP earns an average of $419,435, while a female in the same position earns just $279,772 annually. Interestingly, only 10.3% of the regional VPs are female, which is not an indication of a lack of skills or talent on the part of women, but rather is based on institutional discrimination against women at Wal-Mart. The numbers dont lie: women hired for hourly jobs in 1996 earned 35 cents less an hour than men; by 2001, the difference grew, as women on hourly wages earned $1.16 less an hour than men. Women received 2,891 fewer promotions than men in the Support Manager position, and the list of injustice for women goes on and on. The st...

When to Use Whom vs. Who

When to Use Whom vs. Who Knowing when to use whom versus who can be difficult for even the most careful writers and speakers. Many writers and grammarians hope the day comes when whom is cast aside and designated by dictionaries as archaic. Indeed, Paul Brians, a professor in the Department of English at Washington State University, says, Whom has been dying an agonizing death for decades. Until the last nail is placed in the coffin, however, it will be helpful to learn when to use whom versus who in various circumstances. How and When to Use Whom Put simply, use whom- which is a pronoun- when it is the object of a sentence. If you can replace the word with her, him, or them for example, use whom. Youll know when to use whom if the pronoun is used in the objective case, or action is being done to the pronoun. Take the sentence: Whom  do you believe? The sentence may sound pretentious, even snobbish. But it is correct because whom is the subject of the infinitive to, as well as the object of the sentence as a whole. Turn the sentence around so that the object is at the end: You were talking to whom? When you replace whom with him, it becomes even clearer: You were talking to him.Were you talking to him? When to Use Who If whom is used for the objective case, who is used for the subjective case- when the pronoun is the subject of the sentence, or the person creating the action. Take the sentence: Who is at the door? The pronoun who is the subject of the sentence. Check this by replacing who with a subjective pronoun, swapping in she or he for who, as in: She is at the door.He is at the door. Who is always used as the subject of a sentence or clause, and whom is always used as an object. Examples In the following sentences, who is correctly used in the subjective case. You can check this by replacing the pronoun who with another subjective pronoun, such as she, he, or you, for example: Who is coming to dinner? (He is coming to dinner?)Who was that masked man? (He was that masked man? or He was the masked man.)Sally is the woman who got the job. (She got the job.) As previously noted, youll know when to use whom if the pronoun is used in the objective case, or action is being done to the pronoun, as in: To Whom It May Concern. (It may concern him.)I dont know from whom the love letter came. (The love letter came from him.)They fought over whom? (They fought over him? or They fought over them?)After whom do I enter the stage? (I enter the stage after him.)Whom did you recommend for the job? (I recommended him for the job.)For Whom the Bell Tolls (The title of this famous Ernest Hemingway novel is saying, The Bell Rings for Him.) Some of these sentences may sound odd, and this is why the word whom will probably disappear from the English language one day. As used in these examples, whom sounds a little awkward, even when its technically correct. How to Remember the Difference The key to understanding when to use whom or who is knowing the difference between  subjective  and  objective  case. Once you can easily identify the subject and the object of a sentence or clause, you will be able to figure out the correct usage of who and whom. For instance, if you want to decide which is correct in this sentence: Who/Whom should I consider as a college recommendation? Rearrange the sentence so that it will make sense using him or he. Youll come up with the following choices: I should consider him for the college recommendation.I should consider he for the college recommendation. The pronoun him is clearly better. Therefore, the correct word in the sentence above will be whom. Remember this simple trick, and youll always know when to use whom and when to use who.

EMPLOYEE RESOURCING Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

EMPLOYEE RESOURCING - Essay Example rt will finally attempt to provide necessary recommendations which may affect employee resourcing issues that may help ADT Ltd establish a policy to satisfy all members of staff. The recommendations would be drawn from case studies in UK from a legal stand point with the aim of showing the effectiveness of work-life balance and flexible working for APT Ltd as a measure of motivating the employees as well as motivating them. Employees are the backbone of every organisation hence effective recruitment, improving their performance as well as putting measures that reduce staff turnover are major factors that determine success of business during the contemporary period. More often than not, employ resourcing mainly depends on the available human resources tools and their ability to cope with the environment they will be operating in. Before attempting to give a critical analysis of how ADT Ltd can establish a policy to satisfy all members of staff through striking a fine balance between flexible working and work-life balance, it is imperative to give a definition of employee resourcing for easier understanding of the issues raised in the case study. Recruitment involves searching for and obtaining qualified job candidates and it gives the organisation the opportunity to select the most appropriate persons to fill its job needs (Carrell, R. et al 1995). Effective recruitment often attracts individuals to the organisation and also increases the chances of retaining the individuals once they have been hired. Thus, recruitment efforts seek to satisfy the needs of job applicants as well as the needs of managers hence the need for careful consideration by the HRM. ER in itself is more concerned with people management of how work is done and who would do it. In some cases unemployment rates may be high for instance in UK but still there would be shortages of people with particular skills that are in demand and often the few with those skills often find themselves working

Commonplace Book Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Commonplace Book - Assignment Example The quote is important to my life because it enables me to be strategic in my activities and always reveal my plans when the time is ripe, because doing so enables me to avoid any hurdles that my competitors might put in my way to stop me from achieving my goals in life. This quote means it is important to have details of the enemy including their strength and weaknesses, their holdouts, and their thoughts before starting a war against them. Tzu emphasizes the need to collect as much intelligence as possible about the enemy forces in order to deploy the right responses or preemptive interventions when it is necessary. In business, this quote stresses the need to carry out proper market research focuses on the rivals in order to mount a successful challenge against them. In my life, this quote enables me to understand my neighbors, the community, and the society in general in order to achieve a person-environment fit. Failure to know my environment including the existing rules and regulations, the opportunities and other utility services will only result in my failure. Quote # 3 If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every battle.† Sun Tzu, The Art of War p.234. This quote means one who knows their capability and that of their enemy will be sure of the right strategies to employ in order to eliminate the enemy in warfare, regardless of the length of the confrontation. But if an army knows its capabilities and not the enemy, the enemy would be obliged to employ a different strategy, which would be successful because the other side neither knows it nor can it counter the move. In modern business, a company that neither knows its strengths nor the rivals’ would most probably collapse or face heavy losses for failure to

Potentially Inappropriate Medication at a Private Hospital

Potentially Inappropriate Medication at a Private Hospital Abstract The use of certain medications in geriatrics when potential risks outweigh the potential benefit and an effective alternative is available is called as Potentially Inappropriate medication. Because geriatrics are more sensitive towards adverse effects of medications. Beers criteria which is updated and reviewed by American Geriatric society list out 53 medications/therapeutic classes of drugs to be avoided in geriatrics. Methodology: A prospective observational study was conducted for 9 months in a 650 bed private corporate hospital, South India. All geriatric patients admitted in the hospital during the study period was included. Beers Criteria 2013 were used to identify potentially inappropriate medications. Result: The prevalence of PIM use (52%) was significantly higher in study population. An avg of 10 drugs were taken by the study population. A total of 215 medications were identified as PIMs. Among them 195(90%) medications should be avoided by the geriatrics independent of th eir condition (category I). 66(60%) of the study population had used more than one PIMs. 91(83%) of the PIM users had atleast one DRPs and the mean DRPs value of the PIM users were 1.59à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ±1.3. Conclusion: High prevalence of PIMs in the study population signifies the need of monitoring geriatric prescriptions. Key words: PIMs, Beers Criteria, Geriatrics Introduction In recent years proportion of geriatric hospital admission with comorbidity and polypharmacy has been increasing continuously (1, 2). Adverse drug events (ADRs) are the most common reason for hospital admission, but sometimes it’s not identified. Medication errors (MEs) or conventional adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are the common reason for adverse drug events which ends in clinical symptoms. Overall, elderly patients need greater attention to drug therapy and safety parameters (1, 3-5). Greater attention is needed for geriatric population due to age related pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetic changes. But appropriate pharmaceutical care for elderly are determined on the basis of clinical trial conducted with adult population.(6) The burden of harm resulting due to the use of multiple drugs in geriatric populations is a major health related problem in developed countries. A research study reveals that around one in four geriatrics admitted to hospitals are prescribed with at least one inappropriate medication and potentially preventable adverse drug reactions accounts for nearly 20% of all inpatient deaths (7). The assessment of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) in geriatric is a challenging work and there is a need for considering many factors which influences the prescribing as well as outcome. Eight well known tools are available to identify the PIMs and studies reports that Beers criteria is the best and easy one to assess the PIMs. Beers criteria also has the advantage over others because it is periodically updated (8).This study therefore aimed to investigate the prevalence of PIM use on geriatric population using Beers criteria 2012 and its association with Drug Related Problems (DRPs) . Methodology Study Site: The work entitled â€Å"A study on prevalence and impact of Potentially Inappropriate Medication use in geriatrics at a private corporate hospital† was carried out in a 640 bedded private corporate hospital, South India. Study Design: Prospective –Observational study. Study Period: Nine months. Inclusion criteria: Patients above age of 65 yrs. Exclusion criteria: The patients who are unwilling to participate in the study and out patients METHOD: A regular ward rounds was carried out in all the wards of General medicine. Each patient’s medication profile was reviewed. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were briefed on the project with the help of patient information form and if they are willing to participate in the study their consent was obtained. The data from medical chart were recorded in customized data entry form. The prescribed drugs were evaluated and PIMs use were identified with the help of Beer’s criteria. The drugs which are identified as PIM are categorized into following: Potentially inappropriate medications /classes to avoid in geriatrics, Potentially inappropriate medications /classes to avoid in geriatrics with certain pathological condition that the listed PIM use can exacerbate Medications to be used with caution in geriatrics. ADRs associated with PIMs use were assessed. Drug interaction and ADR was monitored and reported. DRPs and Drug Risk Ratio (DRR) were calculated for PIMs. DRPs were the sum of ADR, drug interaction and drug allergy.DRR was calculated as the number of DRPs in relation to how often the drug was used (DRPS/number of times used). Results and Discussion In the study period, 212 patients were included in the study as per inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. 110 (52%) patients were found to be prescribed with PIMs listed in Beers criteria (fig no: 01). A similar study conducted by Birader K et al (2013) (9) reported that PIM prevalence were 38% in their study population. Increased anxiolytics use as a prophylaxis for hospital related anxiety might be the reason for high prevalence of PIM than the later study. The total number of patients in study population were 110. Among them 62(56%) were males and 48(44%) were females.The study result reveals that PIMs user are mostly males. A similar study conducted by Birader K et al (2012) (9) reported that prevalence of PIM use is more among males than females. The age categorization of PIM users was done. The maximum age of PIM users was 93 years and mean age of PIM users was found to be 70.2 ±5.77. The median age for PIM users was 68.5 years. The result indicated that age group of (65-69) were commonly prescribed by PIMs. This results compared with a previous study carried out by Birader K et al (2012) (9) which also reports that PIMs were frequently prescribed in the age group of 65-69 years. The social habit of the PIM users shows that 8(7%) patients were smokers and alcoholics, 14(13%) patients were alcoholics, 21(19%) patients were smokers and 67(61%) patients were teetotalers in PIM users. The comorbidities of the PIM users was analyzed. There were 52 (47%) suffering from hypertension and 32(29%) were suffering from DM. The results shows that most of the study group had comorbidities of hypertension followed by DM and CVDs. A similar study conducted by Fouquet A (11) also reported that most common diagnosis among their study population was hypertension and diabetes. The number of drugs prescribed for the PIM users were calculated (fig no: 2). The mean number of drugs per prescription was 9.9 ±2 with the maximum of 16 drugs and minimum of 5 drugs prescribed. The above results signifies that all prescriptions were in polypharmacy category. A similar study conducted by Blozik E (12) concluded that one of the main factor for PIM use is â€Å"polypharmacy†. The number of PIM drugs per prescription in the study population was calculated (Fig no: 3). The result reveals that 44(40%) were using one PIM drug, 50(45%) were using two PIMs, 14(13) were using three PIMs, 1(1%) were using 4 PIMs and the maximum of 5 PIMs use were found in 1(1%) of the study population. 66(60%) of the study population consumed more than one PIM. The mean was found to be 1.8 ±0.78 and an avg of 2 PIM was used by the study population. A similar study conducted by Dormann H (2013) (13) were reported that 87% of the study population consumed at least one PIM. Among the PIM users the total number of PIM drugs was calculated and it was found to be 215 drugs. PIM users were categorized into three groups according to Beers criteria. (Table no: 2) There were 195(90%) belongs to category I, 12(6%) were in category II and 8(4%) were in category III. The individual categories of PIM was analyzed. It was found that alprazolam 57(52%), clonazepam 17(15%), hyocyamine 10(9%), Lorazepam 10(9%), hydroxyzine 10(9%), zolpidem 10(9%), ketorolac 10(8%) were prescribed in category I (table no: 3). A similar study conducted by Birader K et al (2013) (16) reported that alprazolam and cimetidine were frequently used PIM among their study population. Use of hyocyamine in constipation 3(25%) accounts for the most frequent inappropriate drug use in category II (table no: 4). Hydroxyzine in constipation 2(17%), cyproheptidine in constipation 2(17%), ketorolac in PUD 2(17%), clonazepam in frequent fall 1(8%), ketorolac in CHF 1(8%) and theophylline in insomnia 1(8%) were other category II inappropriate medication use. Use of escitalapram 3(40%), mirtazapine 2(30%), fluoxetine 1(10%), sertraline 1(10%) and Duloxetine 1(10%) were the category III PIMs (table no:5). The DRP among the PIM users were analyzed (fig no: . It was found that 19(17%) of the PIM users were free from DRPs. Majority of the study population had at least one drug related problems. The mean value of DRP in the study population was found to be 1.59 ±1.3. The minimum observed number of DRP per patient was one and maximum observed number of DRP per patient was six. The ADR use was monitored in the study population. A total number of 40 ADR associated with PIM use (Fig no:5) and 14 ADR associated with nonPIM use were identified. The study result reveals that one among three PIM users were found to have at least one ADR. A similar study conducted by N. Nixdorff et al (2008) were also reported that PIM users were found to experience ADR most frequently than nonPIM users. As a part of our study, screening of drug interactions were done. A total number of 131 major drug interactions were identified, in that 111 were unique. Among the drug interactions found 16(12%) were PIM-PIM drug interactions, 39(30%) were PIM-other drugs drug interactions and 76(58%) were caused by non PIM drugs (table no: 6). Drug risk ratio were calculated for the study population (table no:7). It was observed that prochlorperazine had the highest DRR (4) followed by phenobarbitone (2), digoxine (2), pentazocine (2) and duloxetine (2). The statistical analysis of obtained results has been done using statistical tools. The association of different variables are analyzed using à ¯Ã‚ Ã‚ £2 test. On assessment of association between â€Å"number of comorbidities† with â€Å"number of drugs† and â€Å"number of PIMs† (table no:8), the result proved that â€Å"number of comorbidies† are statistically associated with â€Å"the number of drugs† at 0.001 level of significance and â€Å"number of PIMs† at 0.05 level of significance. It means that as number of comorbidity increases polypharmac and PIM use also increases. On assessment of association between â€Å"number of drugs† and â€Å"number of PIMs† (table no: 9), the result proved that â€Å"number of drugs† are statistically associated with â€Å"number of PIMs† at 0.05 level of significance. This result proves that polypharmacy is one of the reason for PIMs. On assessment of association between â€Å"number of DRPs† with â€Å"number of drugs† and â€Å"number of PIMs† (table no:10), the result proved that â€Å"DRPs† are statistically associated with â€Å"number of PIMs† at 0.01 level of significance but not associated with â€Å"number of drugs† at 0.05 level of significance. This result proves that DRPs is more associated with PIMs than polypharmacy which means it not the number of drugs contributing to DRPs but the use of PIMs. Conclusion Our study identified a high prevalence of PIMs use and associated DRPs in the study population. DRPs due to PIMs is preventable. Development and implementation of new criteria or modification of already existing criteria such as Beers criteria, START STOPP criteria which will helps in safe prescribing practice can reduce the PIMs use. References Budnitz DS, Lovegrove MC, Shehab N, Richards CL. Emergency hospitalizations for adverse drug events in older Americans. N Engl J Med 2011; 365: 2002–12. Budnitz DS, Shehab N, Kegler SR, Richards CL: Medication use leading to emergency department visits for adverse drug events in older adults. Ann Intern Med 2007; 147: 755–65. Lau DT, Kasper JD, Potter DE, Lyles A, Bennett RG: Hospitalization and death associated with potentially inappropriate medication prescriptions among elderly nursing home residents. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 68–74. Pirmohamed M, James S, Meakin S. Adverse drug reactions as cause of admission to hospital: prospective analysis of 18 820 patients. BMJ 2004; 329: 15–9. Chrischilles EA, VanGilder R, Wright K, Kelly M, Wallace RB. Inappropriate medication use as a risk factor for self-reported adverse drug effects in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009; 57: 000–6 Avorn J, Shrank WH. Adverse drug reactions in elderly people: A substantial cause of preventable illness. BMJ. 2008;336:956–7 Minimizing Inappropriate Medications in Older Populations: A 10-step Conceptual Framework. Ian A. Scott, MBBS, MHA, MEd,a Leonard C. Gray, MBBS, MMed, PhD,b Jennifer H. Martin, MBChB, MA (Oxon), PhD,c Charles A. Mitchell, MBBSd Opondo D. Inappropriateness of Medicationth Prescriptions to Elderly Patients in the Primary Care Setting: A Systematic Review, plos one, aug 2012, volume 7, issue 8 Biradar K; assessment of potentially inappropriate medication in elderly patients at Basavehwar teaching hospital;IJPP 2012dec, vol 5,issue 4, 73-5 Denys TL (2011) Functional Decline Associated With Polypharmacy and Potentially Inappropriate Medications in Community-Dwelling Older Adults With Dementia, Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. 2011 December ; 26(8): 606–15. doi:10.1177/1533317511432734 Fouquet A, Zegbeh H, Krolak-Salmon P, Mouchoux C. Detection of potentially inappropriate medication in a French geriatric teaching hospital: A comparison study of the French Beers criteria and the improved prescribing in the elderly tool. J Eurger 2012 3: 326-29 Blozik E, Rapold R, von Overbeck J, Reich O. Polypharmacy and potentially inappropriate medication in the adult, community-dwelling population in Switzerland. Drugs aging. 2013;30:561-8 Dormann H, Sonst A, Mà ¼ller F, Vogler R, Patapovas A, Pfistermeister B, Plank-Kiegele B, Kirchner M, Hartmann N, Bà ¼rkle T, Maas R. Adverse drug events in older patients admitted as an emergency the role of potentially inappropriate medication in elderly people (PRISCUS). Dtsch Arztebl Int 2013; 110(13): 213–9. DOI: 10.3238/arztebl.2013.0213 N. Nixdorff et al. Potentially inappropriate medications and adverse drug effects in elders in the ED. AJEM 2008 26: 697–700 Tables and figures NO. of PIM/prescription Number of patients N=110 Percentage 1 44 40 2 50 45 3 14 13 4 1 1 5 1 1 Table no:1 Number of PIM per Prescription sl no category no. of PIMs percentage 1 PIM drugs/classes to be avoid in geriatrics (category I) 195 90 2 PIM to be avoided in certain pathological condition (category II) 12 6 3 PIMs to be used with caution (category III) 8 4 Table no:2 Categories of PIM sl no Drugs No. of Patients sl no Drug No. of Patients 1 Alprazolam 57 (29%) 16 Nitrofurentoin 3(1.5%) 2 Clonazepam 17(9%) 17 Mirtazapine 2(1%) 3 Hyocyamine 10(5%) 18 Cyproheptidine 2(1%) 4 Lorazepam 10(5%) 19 Diazepam 2(1%) 5 Hydroxyzine 10(5%) 20 Piroxicam 2(1%) 6 Zolpidem 10(5%) 21 Prochloperazine 2(1%) 7 Ketorolac 10(5%) 22 Chlorphemiramine 2(1%) 8 Aceclofenac 9(4.5%) 23 Trihexylphenedine 2(1%) 9 Propoxyphene 8(4%) 24 Digoxin 2(1%) 10 Diclofenac 7(3.5%) 25 Phenobarbitone 1(0.5%) 11 Spironolactone 6(3%) 26 Naproxen 1(0.5%) 12 Prazosin 5(3%) 27 Clinidium-chlordiazepoxide 1(0.5%) 13 Clonidine 5(3%) 28 Indomethacin 1(0.5%) 14 Chlordiazepoxide 3(1.5%) 29 Metachlopramide 1(0.5%) 15 Amitriptyline 3(1.5%) 30 Pheniramine 1(0.5%) 31 Pentazocine 1(0.5%) Table no: 3 Category 1(PIM drugs/classes to be avoid in geriatrics) Sl no Drug Disease No. Patients Percentage 1 Ketorolac CHF 1 8 2 Hydroxyzine Constipation 2 17 3 Hyocyamine Constipation 3 25 4 Ketorolac PUD 2 17 5 Cyproheptidine Constipation 2 17 6 Clonazepam Frequent Fall 1 8 7 Insomnia Theophyllin 1 8 Table no: 4 Category II (PIM to be avoided in certain pathological condition) sl no Drug No of Patients percentage 1 Mirtazapine 2 30 2 Fluoxetine 1 10 3 Sertraline 1 10 4 Duloxetine 1 10 5 Escitalapram 3 40 Table no: 5 Cateegory III (PIMs to be used with caution) NO OF INTERACTION PERCENTAGE PIM-PIM 16 12 PIM- OTHER DRUGS 39 30 OTHER DRUGS 76 58 Table no:6 Categories of Drug Interactions Sl No Drug DRPs Total Drug Risk Ratio 1 PROCLORPERAZINE 8 2 4.00 2 PHENOBARBITONE 2 1 2.00 3 DIGOXIN 4 2 2.00 4 PENTAZOCINE 2 1 2.00 5 DULOXETINE 2 1 2.00 6 NAPROXEN 2 1 2.00 Table no.7 Drug Risk Ratio Sl no Varience No. of comorbidities Chi squire value P value 1 2 ≠¥ 3 1 No. of PIMs 1 5 21 13 12.76* 0.05 2 10 12 15 ≠¥ 3 7 15 12 2 No. of drugs 6-8 13 16 4 26.77* 0.001 9-11 8 25 17 ≠¥ 12 1 7 19 Table no:8 Association of no. of comorbidities with no. of drugs and PIMs . varience No. of Drugs Chi squire value P value 6-8 9-11 12-14 ≠¥15 No. of PIMs 1 16 21 4 3 21.76* 0.001 2 14 24 8 4 ≠¥ 3 2 5 5 4 Table no: 9 Association of no. drugs and no. PIMs Sl no Varience No. of DRPs Chi squire value P value 0 1 2 ≠¥3 1 No. of PIMs 1 11 21 10 2 21.76* 0.001 2 7 23 8 12 ≠¥ 3 1 4 2 9 2 No. of drugs 6-8 9 15 11 1 11.77 0.05 9-11 4 25 6 12 ≠¥ 12 6 8 3 10 Table no:10 Association of DRPs with no. of drugs and PIMs Fig no:1 Prevalence of PIMs Fig no:2 Number of Drugs Prescribed per Patient Fig no:3 Number of PIM per Prescription Fig no: 4 Adverse Drug Events and Its frequency Fig no:5 Adverse Drug Events and Its Frequency

Demand and Supply of Housing in Australia

Economic Policy Problem: Demand and Supply The demand and supply of Housing and the Housing affordability in Australia I. Introduction Like all other economies The Australian economy has been affected by the global financial crisis which is now a global economic crisis due the collapse of Lehman Brothers and other financial institutions in US. The consequences of the global economic crisis has been severe and as a result of this the world is in Recession therefore many economies has pushed the budget into a deficit launching economic package trying to boost their economies.Because the housing market and the housing industry is one of the most important sector of the economy this report aim to analyse how the global financial crisis has affected the demand and supply of housing in Australia also what are the condition of housing affordability and how the Government through the stimulus package tend to intervene the economy.After this report we will be able to understand the movement a nd the reason for a movement into the demand and supply curve for housing in Australia you will be able also to identify if the Government economic policy is going for the correct pathway or if this temporary measure will not bring certainty and confident to the economy. It is very clear that at least the Rudd’s Government is addressing the problem anticipating future scenarios and acting to correct this scenarios exploiting and taking advantage of the relative good shape of the Australian economy in this moment in comparison with another countries.II. Australian Economy Like all other economies the Australian economy was very much affected by the global economic crisis and the recession around the world therefore the financial institutions started to feel the pressure and the stress of the situation but the Australian Government put in place measures to guarantee the debts of banks. Apart of that the Australian economy was affected by the collapse of commodity prices this br ought real losses of income to the economy which put to business in a position to review their investment plan in the future.At the same time households have become more cautious about expenditure due the increase of the unemployment rates and they start to increasing savings. Because the panic caused and the lack of consuming the RBA responded lowering of interest rates reducing from 7 ? per cent to 3 ? per cent, this reduction have fully passed to the borrowers therefore interest rates on housing loans have fallen as well as interest in consumer and business loan, this rate are at historically low levels.This has produced an increase in loan demand; other factor that increased the demand of loans apart of the lowest interest rate around 5 ? per cent is the program first home owner grant which has attracted new buyers into the market. On top of that the stimulus package is an initiative of the government to support spending but this measure cost that last financial year there was f iscal surplus of 1 ? per cent of the GPD even so Australia will remain as one of the better performing economies around the world.One of the reason of the reduction in wealth over the past year is that people which income have grown over the year overestimated the returns of the share market, people did not set up realistic expectations about their financial goals and now they have to increase the proportion of income working additional year or many of them returning to the workforce to compensated the losses of the share market due the global financial crisis, people did not took in count that share market produce negative returns every few years therefore they should have included this into the returns expectations.Although the large fall in wealth the households sector still is in a relative good position because people is maintaining a good balance between assets and liability and even when the hose market was subdued during 2008 and the prices has fallen by 3 per cent, the Aust ralian overall the housing market has held up pretty well in comparison with another countries like US or UK where price has fallen by 20 per cent. An update on the economy and financial Developments (Battellino, 2009) III. Supply and DemandThe relatively high level of housing price in Australia is a reflection of a collective decisions of households, this is not the result of a external forces they are at their income, preferences, access to finance have been willing to pay those prices. But this is not the only reason the supply – side factors also influenced in the fact of high price like the ability to built new housing on the city fringe, factor affecting the ability to increase supply closer to the city, transport infrastructure and community affect the feasibility and desirability of living in a different place.One of the good indicators of some of the supply issue is the cost of raw land. Prices still are high on the edges of Sydney but lowest on Melbourne and Adelaid e therefore will very important to see if it is possible to reduce these prices or at least try to keep a lid on increase over the years because the housing affordability over the medium term will be the result of the ability to expand the supply of housing.Home building has recently been at low levels and this is because in a showing or uncertainty situation economy builder does not want to take higher risk than usual and also recent weakness in building approvals are affecting the supply curve and when there is a lack of supply and increase in demand the prices will go upwards. Conditions and Prospects in the Housing Sector (Richards, 2009)Looking beyond that the fall in interest rate and improvements in housing affordability should contribute to growth this has not happened but economist are expecting that occurred during this year and gradually boost home-building. Another factor that can contribute the building approval for building activities and therefore increase the supply of housing is the increase of number of first – home buyer demand there has been an important increase in loans approval in recent months.Is also very important understand that for many economist in this moment there is undersupply in the housing market even though we do not know exactly how large the undersupply it is but this should support also home-building. According with the current population rates, the decline in average household and level of demand for second house had been maintained most calculation now put â€Å"underlying demand† around 180. 000 to 200. 000 per year that means we need to increase the number of new house built than has actually occurred.However, we can ignore the impact of prices on the demand for housing remember over the years the cost of housing has grown faster than incomes and the cost of goods and services as a consequence of that the demand for housing will be affected by the higher cost of housing therefore we can expect that the d emand decline because many young adult will choose to live with their parents for longer, many other would prefer extra flatmate rather than having a bedroom vacant and another owner of holidays homes very likely to sell them so perhaps this is the reason that we have built fewer homes in recent years than might have been expected.But the undersupply of housing is a story of never ending because there is an Intelligent Housing Research Group â€Å"Hometrack† stated that the calculation of the RBA are based in accurate data according with them Australia may already have an excess of housing according with their estimation there are at least 10 millions dwellings in Australia compared with the 8. 3 millions of ABS data showing occupied dwellings of 8. millions, the extra two millions are housing awaiting to be sale or development, second homes and abandoned homes. Therefore they say that the ABS Method for calculation the ratio of people per dwelling per dwelling is based on AB S census data which is based upon occupied dwelling however Hometrack analysis is based on postal address indicates that Australia’s current level of housing relative to its population is in line with other Anglo economies.Following this looking at the context of population growth Australia total building approvals have running about the demand, for that reason the concern is that business and government decision in regards of housing market are being made based on demand assumptions that vary from the actual behaviour of the housing market. But how can we know who is telling the true well according with statistics during 1985-2009 an average of 1 residential dwelling was built per 1. 75 new Australian and only in the last 3 months has the rate of new building fallen behind population growth.This is in excess of the current ABS ratio of 2. 55 person per occupied therefore far from having and undersupply of housing Australia may well have substantial oversupply, it’s ju st that no-one is living in many of them. Is very likely cause of this large stock of unoccupied homes is Australia system of negative gearing. Most investor prefer build houses but avoid the renting-damage property having to manage tenant therefore they built it for capital gains because is better to keep the hose out of the rental market and claim the loss against tax.In order to defend the dominant view that Australian house price are justified by supply and demand, Anthony Richards (Economist) observed that the relative high level of housing price in Australia is a reflection of demand and the collective decision of households therefore housing price have not been set by external forces they are at this level because buyers in general have been willing to pay the prices. This is a fairly typical piece of neoclassical economic thinking â€Å"Prices reflect the interaction of supply and demand and are therefore justified†.Economist who apply a standard â€Å"Supply and dem and† mindset to analysing the property market seem to consider that demand can shift â€Å"Left and right† as the number of buyers falls and rises with time; but they seem to ignore that the demand curve can shift up and down as well. Is response to the willingness of lenders to increase or decrease their loan to valuation ratios and if there is a substantial fall in LVR to new buyers could reduce the price that would be buyers can offer even in shortage of properties.Price S D3 D2 D1 Quantity of Supply, Demand Increase of demand due to: †¢ Population Growth †¢ Low interest Rates †¢ Booming economy with rising wages †¢ Governments Policies like Cuts to capital gains taxes Lies, damned lies, and Housing statistics (Keen, 2009) Bentick, Teresita, (2003) Microeconomics Study guide (4th Ed). Australia: Pearson Educations Australia. Frank, Robert, Bernanke Ben, (2001) Principles of Microeconomics (1st Ed).New York, USA: McGraw Hill Higher Education IV. Ho using Affordability. Housing affordability can be divided in two: people need where to live whether they buy or rent therefore we need to include rents as well as mortgage to measure housing affordability, the second part is people who are looking to get into the housing market and people who already are already there. Housing affordability is consider as spending up to 30% a household’s income on mortgage repayments or rent.In the past two decades the prices of the housing has risen matched by a decrease in housing affordability this mean that a household now need 34. 8% of their income to meet an average loan repayment. According with a report released entitled â€Å"Anatomy of Australian Mortgage Stress† released by fujitsu consulting in April found that the main cause of mortgage stress is the interest rate rises and rents have risen slower than mortgage repayments pushing people out the house market and into the rental market, this mean that rents too are on the r ise.According with report released by The Real State Institute of Australia REIA on April 22th 2009 â€Å"An opportune time for renters to buy† the ABS released the Consumer Price Index (CPI) showing that housing components increased 0,9% for the quarter bringing the annual increase to 5. 5%. The majority of this increase in the housing components was driven by rents which increased by 1. 7% over the quarter and 8. 4% over the year, this ncrease in rents reflects record low vacancy rates and the unavailability of rental properties in all capital cities. Building approvals and housing finance for investment purposes continue decrease during the March quarter 2009 and is very likely to put further upwards pressure on rents. Australia will need to build significantly more house than has occurred recently to meet rental demand. Housing affordability has improved significantly since the reserve bank began cutting interest rates in September 2008.With the availability of the first home owners boost (FHOB), lower interest rate, greater affordability and vacancy rates remaining in a low record now would be an opportune time for these in the rental market to consider the purchase of their own home. Real Estate institute of Australia (2009, April 22). Ann opportune time for renters to buy. Retrieved April 28, 2009, from http://www. reia. com. au/media/documents/REIA_MediaRelease_AnOpportuneTimeforRenterstoBuy. pdf Housing costs and Affordability in Australia (Thrift, 2008) ConclusionIs very clear that the housing sector in Australia is showing signs of improvements due the increase in households cash flows as a result of the of the important role of the Government and the RBA in the downturn of the economy decreasing the interest rates and providing policies that improve housing affordability for people to repay the loans but in order to tackle this important problem is very important that the government does not exclude anyone from the spectrum like young people also is very important that the Reserve Bank of Australia as a Central bank play an important role n this matter acting more like an honest broker developing real strong statistic about the housing market that helps in a future time to provide valuable resources, accurate data and support important decisions about the supply and demand of housing market instead of take part of this problem assuming neoclassical position taking in consideration on side of the problem and ignoring the other.REFERENCE LIST ? Bentick, T. (2003). Microeconomics Study Guide. Pearson education Australia, Australia: Pearson Education Australia Frank, R. , Bernanke B. (2001) Principles of microeconomics. Mc graw Hill, New York: Gary Burke ? Thrift Rhea, (2008) Housing and Affordability in Australia . Retrieved April 27, 2009, from http://www. rba. gov. au/EconomicsCompetition/2008/Pdf/2008_first_year. pdf ? Real Estate institute of Australia, (2009, April 22). Ann opportune time for renters to buy. Retrieve d April 28, 2009, from http://www. reia. com. au/media/documents/REIA_MediaRelease_AnOpportuneTimeforRenterstoBuy. pdf ? Battellino, Ric. 2009, March 31). An Update on the Economy and Financial Developments. Retrieved April 27, 2009, from http://www. rba. gov. au/Speeches/2009/sp_dg_310309. html ? Richards, A. (2009, March 26). Conditions and Prospects in the Housing Sector. Retrieved April 27, 2009, from http://www. rba. gov. au/Speeches/2009/sp_dg_310309. html ? Keen, S. (2009, April 08). Lies, damned lies, and housing statistics. Retrieved April 27, 2009, from http://www. businessspectator. com. au/bs. nsf/Article/Lies-damned-lies-and-housi